Tag: research

Teaching music programming

Those previous posts in which I’ve quoted the Intellectual Property Office’s guidelines (rules?) on fair dealing with regard to study and research don’t quite cover something I need to do in order to teach a class on Music Programming.

By ‘music programming’, incidentally, I don’t mean in the sense of programming beats or using sequencers. I mean it in the radio sense of selecting and putting together a series of songs in a particular order. That is, a playlist.

The module is part of the radio curriculum, but I encourage music industries students to study it as well. It’s about the way in which music creates meaning – not just in and of itself, but when arranged into a narrative over time.

We discuss musical genre, musicological features, instrumentation and the fact that the meanings we associate with pieces of music are frequently distinct from their author’s original intention. Jazz, for instance, is often used to conjure notions of sophistication and class, when their original contexts and meanings were often political, popularist or counter-cultural.

In order to effectively teach these concepts, it’s necessary for students to create their own compilations that respond to a brief. Assemble a short collection of music that would make sense as a soundtrack for a romantic comedy. Or that would suit being played in a bar on Broad Street. Or a skate shop. Or throughout a TV gardening programme. Or a science-fiction first person shooter computer game.

They collect pieces of music that include specific instruments and think about the connotations of the sound of those instruments. What does a banjo ‘mean’? A vibraphone? Steel drums? Pipe organ? Theremin?

The students are also challenged to research unfamiliar genres – from Zydeco to Grime, Bebop to Death Metal – and come up with playlists that would be meaningful to fans of those genres. And they’re also encouraged to think about how a selection of songs would make sense to a niche audience within a specific geographic area – as you might do if you were programming music for a radio station.

Of course, peer feedback is important – so swapping those compilations and playlists among their fellow students is important, so that what one student learns can be transferred, listened to, reflected upon and developed among classmates.

Naturally, the best way to do this is through a combination of blank CDs, filesharing websites, mp3 blogs, and other people’s record collections. This is not something that would have been quite so possible even ten years ago. And the potential for the study of musical texts in this way is quite exciting.

Sadly, none of this seems to fall within the parameters of fair dealing.

Lucky we don’t authorise or condone anything like that.

Fair Dealing

Definition of Fair Dealing according to the Intellectual Property Office:

In certain circumstances, some works may be used if that use is considered to be ‘fair dealing’. There is no strict definition of what this means but it has been interpreted by the courts on a number of occasions by looking at the economic impact on the copyright owner of the use. Where the economic impact is not significant, the use may count as fair dealing.

So, it may be within the scope of ‘fair dealing’ to make single photocopies of short extracts of a copyright work for non-commercial research or private study, criticism or review, or reporting current events.

Non-commercial research and private study

From the Intellectual Property Office (UK):

You are allowed to make single copies or take short extracts of works when the use is for research that you do not make any money from or for private study, for educational courses or even for use in connection with a hobby.

Limited use or fair dealing is only permitted for non-commercial research and private study when using literary (written), dramatic (theatrical), musical, artistic work (art, photographs etc) or the layout of a publication (the font size, font style, and so on).

The purpose of this exception is to provide students and non-commercial researchers more access to copyright works. In assessing whether your use of the work is permitted or not you must assess if there is any financial impact on the copyright owner because of your use. Where the impact is not significant, the use may be acceptable.

If your use is for non-commercial research and/or private study you must ensure that the work you reproduce is supported by a sufficient acknowledgment.

Thanks @jezc